Design a Vehicle Telemetry & OTA Update System
Problem
Design the backend that ingests vehicle telemetry from millions of connected cars and pushes over-the-air (OTA) firmware updates.
Requirements
Functional:
- Ingest high-frequency sensor/telemetry streams
- Store and query time-series data
- Stage and roll out OTA updates safely
- Roll back a bad update fleet-wide
Non-functional:
- 5M+ vehicles, intermittent connectivity
- No bricked cars: updates must be atomic & verifiable
- Near-real-time fleet health view
Discussion points
- Ingestion (MQTT/Kafka) and back-pressure
- Time-series storage and downsampling
- Staged rollout (canary -> waves), signed firmware
- Resumable downloads over flaky links
- Rollback triggers and fleet observability
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